Testicular cancer is the most common solid malignancy in men aged 15-35. Each year, approximately 10,000 cases are diagnosed in the U.S., representing 0.5-1% of male cancers. Its incidence has been increasing globally, though the exact cause remains unknown. Higher rates are observed among Caucasians, followed by Australians, New Zealanders, and Eastern Europeans, while African and Asian populations have lower rates.
Despite its prevalence, testicular cancer has an high survival rate when detected early. The 5-year survival rate has improved from 63% in 1963 to over 95% today, thanks to advancements in medical care and awareness.
Early detection significantly increases the likelihood of successful treatment. Regular self-examinations identifies abnormalities however, stigma and sensitivity about the area often lead to delays in diagnosis, which can complicate treatment.
Symptoms may include:
Misdiagnosis can occur as some conditions, such as hydrocele, torsion, or epididymitis, may mimic testicular cancer symptoms.
Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing testicular cancer:
Conditions such as Klinefelter syndrome and Down syndrome are linked to a higher incidence.
Undescended testicles increase the risk significantly.
A rare condition involving small calcium deposits in the testicles is associated with testicular cancer in patients with other risk factors.
A family history of testicular cancer raises the risk for direct relatives.
Awareness of these factors encourages men at risk to perform routine self examination and consultations with healthcare professionals.
Accurate diagnosis begins with a thorough physical examination, typically a bimanual inspection of both testicles. If abnormalities are found, imaging tests such as ultrasound are used to confirm the presence of a mass. Tumor markers are then analyzed to determine the type of cancer and its extent:
Staging is determined using the TNM system, which evaluates the tumor’s size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and presence of metastasis (M).
If you think you may be presenting symptoms of Testicular Cancer, schedule a consult as soon as possible.
Testicular cancers are broadly categorized into:
Mixed germ cell tumors, containing elements of both seminomas and NSGCTs, are also common. Treatment decisions depend on the tumor’s histology and stage.
This procedure involves removing the affected testicle. It is the initial treatment for all testicular cancers and is performed through an inguinal approach to minimize lymphatic spread.
In early-stage seminomas and NSGCTs, active surveillance may be an option. This involves regular check-ups, imaging, and tumor marker tests to monitor for recurrence.
For advanced cases or those with metastasis, chemotherapy is highly effective. It is combined with surgery to address residual tumors.
This surgical procedure is used to remove lymph nodes in the retroperitoneal area. Nerve-sparing techniques are often employed to preserve fertility and sexual function.
As treatments like chemotherapy and RPLND can impact fertility, sperm banking is recommended before starting treatment. Options like cryopreservation of sperm or testicular tissue provide patients the opportunity to have biological children in the future.
Testicular cancer is one of the most treatable forms of cancer, especially when caught early. Men who undergo treatment early often return to their normal lives.
Testicular cancer is a highly curable condition, provided it is diagnosed and treated early. Regular self-examinations, awareness of risk factors, and seeking help early for any unusual lumps or changes are key. With the availability of advanced treatments and fertility preservation options, men can face testicular cancer with confidence and hope.
If you think you may be presenting symptoms of Testicular Cancer, schedule a consult as soon as possible.
Our friendly team is looking forward to serving you. For urgent enquiries and appointment requests, please call the clinic directly.
Dr Jay Lim is a urologist with a focus on providing personalised treatment plans specific to your unique urinary and reproductive health needs.
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